Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications, defining the structure and content of the page using tags and elements.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to style HTML elements, controlling the layout, colors, fonts, and overall appearance of a webpage, enhancing its visual presentation.

JavaScript is a versatile programming language primarily used for adding interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages, enabling actions like form validation, animations, and DOM manipulation.

React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, allowing developers to create reusable UI components and efficiently update the UI in response to data changes, enhancing the performance of web applications.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine, enabling developers to run JavaScript code on the server-side, facilitating the development of scalable and efficient web applications.

MongoDB is a NoSQL database system, using a document-oriented model to store data in flexible, JSON-like documents, providing scalability and high performance for managing large volumes of data in web applications.

Express is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework, providing a robust set of features for building web and mobile applications, including routing, middleware support, and HTTP utility methods, simplifying server-side development.

MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) known for its reliability, scalability, and performance, widely used in web development to store structured data and handle complex queries.

Mongoose is an elegant MongoDB object modeling tool for Node.js, providing a straightforward schema-based solution for interacting with MongoDB databases, simplifying data validation, querying, and handling relationships in Node.js applications.